Which of the following is not one of Keller's four MODEL principles?

• A. Focus
• B. Attention
• C. Relevance
• D. Confidence

Answer: (A)

Keller's model for motivation in instruction centers on four components: Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction. These elements are designed to address different ways to engage learners and sustain their motivation throughout a learning experience.

Attention is about capturing and maintaining interest at the outset and during learning, using variety, novelty, or curiosity to keep learners engaged. Relevance ties the material to the learner’s goals, needs, or values so the content feels meaningful and worth the effort. Confidence helps learners believe they can succeed by providing clear objectives, appropriate challenges, and timely feedback that builds their sense of capability. Satisfaction provides a sense of reward after completing tasks, whether through intrinsic satisfaction, recognition, or positive reinforcement.

The option described as Focus is not one of Keller's four components. While directing attention is part of how Attention functions, the model itself names Attention, Relevance, Confidence, and Satisfaction as distinct elements, not a separate principle called Focus.